American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 130, Issue 3 , Pages 322-326 , September 2000

Reproductive exposures, incident age-related cataracts, and age-related maculopathy in women: the Beaver Dam Eye Study1

  • Barbara E.K Klein, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • ,
  • Ronald Klein, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • ,
  • Kristine E Lee, MS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

,Accepted 29 February 2000.

References 

  1. Kahn HA, Moorhead HB. Statistics on blindness in the model reporting area, 1969–1970. Bethesda: US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1973. DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 73–427.
  2. Leibowitz HM, Krueger DE, Maunder LR, et al.  The Framingham Eye Study monograph (an ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973–1975). Surv Ophthalmol. 1980;24(suppl):335–610
  3. Jonasson F, Thordarson K. Prevalence of ocular disease and blindness in a rural area in the eastern region of Iceland during 1980 through 1984. Acta Ophthalmol Suppl. 1987;182:40–43
  4. Klein R, Klein BEK, Linton KLP, De Mets DL. The Beaver Dam Eye Study (visual acuity). Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1310–1315
  5. Sorsby A. The incidence and causes of blindness in England and Wales, 1948–1962. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1966. Report on public health and medical subjects no. 114.
  6. Mitchell P, Cumming RG, Attebo K, Panchapakesan J. Prevalence of cataract in Australia (the Blue Mountains Eye Study). Ophthalmology. 1997;104:581–588
  7. Klein BEK, Klein R, Linton KLP. Prevalence of age-related lens opacities in a population (the Beaver Dam Eye Study). Ophthalmology. 1992;99:546–552
  8. Klein R, Klein BEK, Linton KLP. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy (the Beaver Dam Eye Study). Ophthalmology. 1992;99:933–943
  9. Klein BEK. Lens opacities in women in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin (is there evidence of an effect of sex hormones?). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1993;91:517–544
  10. Cumming RG, Mitchell P. Hormone replacement therapy, reproductive factors, and cataract (the Blue Mountains Eye Study). Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145:242–249
  11. Klein BEK, Klein R, Jensen SC, Ritter LL. Are sex hormones associated with age-related maculopathy in women?. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1994;92:289–297
  12. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group . Risk factors for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:1701–1708
  13. Campbell JA, Palit CD. In: Total digit dialing for a small area census by phone. In the 1988 proceedings of the section on survey research methods. Alexandria, Virginia: American Statistical Association; 1988;p. 549–551
  14. Klein BEK, Klein R, Moss SE. Incident cataract surgery (the Beaver Dam Eye Study). Ophthalmology. 1997;104:573–580
  15. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE. Age-related eye disease and survival (the Beaver Dam Eye Study). Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:333–339
  16. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group . The Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. Prev Med. 1976;5:207–215
  17. Klein BEK, Klein R, Linton KLP, et al.  Assessment of cataracts from photographs in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:1428–1433
  18. Klein R, Davis MD, Magli YL, et al.  The Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1128–1134
  19. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Linton KLP. The Beaver Dam Eye Study (retinopathy in adults with newly discovered and previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus). Ophthalmology. 1992;99:58–62
  20. SAS/STAT User’s Guide. Version 6, 4th ed. Cary, North Carolina: SAS Institute; 1990;
  21. Mantel N. Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom (extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure). J Am Stat Assoc. 1963;58:690–700
  22. Brinton RD, Tran J, Proffitt P, Montoya M. 17 Beta-estradiol enhances the outgrowth and survival of neocortical neurons in culture. Neurochem Res. 1997;22:1339–1351
  23. Singh M, Meyer EM, Simpkins JW. The effect of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement on brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in cortical and hippocampal brain regions of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Endocrinology. 1995;136:2320–2324
  24. Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VW. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:2213–2217
  25. Gerhard M, Ganz P. How do we explain the clinical benefits of estrogen? From bedside to bench. Circulation. 1995;92:5–8

☆ This research was supported by grant EYO6594 (Drs R Klein and BEK Klein) from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

PII: S0002-9394(00)00474-8

American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 130, Issue 3 , Pages 322-326 , September 2000

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