American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 137, Issue 3 , Pages 435-444 , March 2004

The relation of retinal microvascular characteristics to age-related eye disease: the Beaver Dam eye study

  • Ronald Klein, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin (R.K., B.E.K., S.C.T.), USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationInquiries to Ronald Klein, MD, MPH, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin—Madison, 610 North Walnut St., 417 WARF Madison, WI 53726-2336, USA; fax: (608) 263-0279;
    • ,
  • Barbara E.K. Klein, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin (R.K., B.E.K., S.C.T.), USA
    • ,
  • Sandra C. Tomany, MS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin (R.K., B.E.K., S.C.T.), USA
    • ,
  • Tien Y. Wong, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Singapore National Eye Center & National University of Singapore, Singapore (T.Y.W.).

,Accepted 5 October 2003.

References 

  1. Keith NM, Wagener HP, Barker NW. Some different types of essential hypertension (their course and prognosis). Am J Med Sci. 1974;268:336–345
  2. Walsh JB. Hypertensive retinopathy (Description, classification, and prognosis). Ophthalmology. 1982;89:1127–1131
  3. Rankin SJ, Drance SM. Peripapillary focal retinal arteriolar narrowing in open angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 1996;5:22–28
  4. Papastathopoulos KI, Jonas JB. Follow up of focal narrowing of retinal arterioles in glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83:285–289
  5. Angelica MM, Sanseau A, Argento C. Arterial narrowing as a predictive factor in glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol. 2001;23:271–274
  6. Lam A, Bunya V, Piltz-Seymour JR. Visual field loss in patients with glaucoma who have asymmetric peripapillary focal arteriolar narrowing. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:1494–1497
  7. Cohen SL, Lee PP, Herndon LW, Challa P, Overbury O, Allingham RR. Using the arteriolar pressure attenuation index to predict ocular hypertension progression to open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:33–38
  8. Klein R, Clegg L, Cooper LS, et al. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;1203–1210
  9. Wang JJ, Mitchell P, Rochtchina E, Tan AG, Wong TY, Klein R. Retinal vessel wall signs and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye study. Br J Ophthalmol 2003. In Press
  10. Klein R, Klein BEK, Linton KL, DeMets DL. The Beaver Dam Eye study (visual acuity). Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1310–1315
  11. Klein R, Klein BEK, Lee KE. Changes in visual acuity in a population The Beaver Dam Eye study. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1169–1178
  12. Klein R, Klein BEK, Lee KE, Cruickshanks KJ, Chappell RJ. Changes in visual acuity in a population over a 10-year period (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Ophthalmology. 2001;108:1757–1766
  13. Klein R, Klein BEK. The Beaver Dam Eye Study (Manual of operations (NTIS Accession No. PB91-149823)). Springfield (VA): U.S. Department of Commerce; 1991;
  14. Klein R, Klein BEK. The Beaver Dam Eye Study II (Manual of operations (NTIS Accession No. PB95-273827)). Springfield (VA): U.S. Department of Commerce; 1995;
  15. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group . The hypertension detection and follow-up program. Prev Med. 1976;5:207–215
  16. Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CS, Richmond W, Fu PC. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem. 1974;20:470–475
  17. Lopes-Virella MF, Stone P, Ellis S, Colwell JA. Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoproteins separated by three different methods. Clin Chem. 1977;23:882–884
  18. Stein MW. D-glucose determination with hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In:  Bergmeyer HU editors. Methods of enzymatic analysis. New York: Academic Press; 1963;p. 177
  19. Klenk DC, Hermanson GT, Krohn RI, et al.  Determination of glycosylated hemoglobin by affinity chromatography (comparison with colorimetric and ion-exchange methods, and effects of common interferences). Clin Chem. 1982;28:2088–2094
  20. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs (An extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report No. 10). Ophthalmology. 1991;98:786–806
  21. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Fundus photographic risk factors for progression of diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS Report No. 12. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:823–833
  22. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XIV. Ten-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:1217–1228
  23. Parr JC, Spears GFS. General caliber of the retinal arteries expressed as the equivalent width of the central retinal artery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974;77:472–477
  24. Parr JC, Spears GFS. Mathematic relationships between the width of a retinal artery and the widths of its branches. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974;77:478–483
  25. Hubbard LD, Brothers RJ, King WN, et al.  Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension/sclerosis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:2269–2280
  26. Liang KY, Zeger SL. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika. 1986;73:13–22
  27. Klein R, Davis MD, Magli YL, Segal P, Klein BEK, Hubbard L. The Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1128–1134
  28. Klein R, Klein BEK, Linton KLP. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Ophthalmology. 1992;99:933–943
  29. Klein R, Klein BEK, Jensen SC, Meuer SM. The five-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Ophthalmology. 1997;104:7–21
  30. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE. Relation of smoking to the incidence of age-related maculopathy (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:103–110
  31. Klein BEK, Klein R, Linton KLP. Prevalence of age-related lens opacities in a population (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Ophthalmology. 1992;99:546–552
  32. Klein BEK, Klein R, Linton KLP, Magli YL, Neider MW. Assessment of cataracts from photographs in the Beaver Dam Eye study. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:1428–1433
  33. Klein BEK, Klein R, Lee KE. Incidence of age-related cataract over a 10-year interval (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Ophthalmology. 2002;109:2052–2057
  34. Klein BEK, Klein R, Sponsel WE, et al.  Prevalence of glaucoma (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1499–1504
  35. Klein BEK, Klein R, Linton KL. Intraocular pressure in an American community (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992;33:2224–2228
  36. Klein BEK, Magli YL, Richie KA, Moss SE, Meuer SM, Klein R. Quantitation of optic disc cupping. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:1654–1656
  37. Magli YL, Klein BEK. Protocol for optic disc and optic cup measurements, 1989. Available from: National Technical Information Service, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. (Accession No. PB 89-178909/AS)
  38. Langerhorst CT, Bakker D, Raakman MA. Usefulness of the Henson Central Field Screener for the detection of visual field defects, especially in glaucoma. Doc Ophthalmol. 1989;72:279–285
  39. Henson DB, Chauhan BC. Informational content of visual field location in glaucoma. Doc Ophthalmol. 1985;59:341–352
  40. Henson DB, Bryson H. Clinical results with the Henson-Hamblin CFS2000. In:  Greve EL,  Heijl A editor. Seventh International Visual Field Symposium, Amsterdam, September 1986. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff/W. Junk; 1987;p. 233–238
  41. Klein BEK, Klein R, Jensen SC. Open-angle glaucoma and older-onset diabetes (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1173–1177
  42. Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958;53:457–481
  43. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1989; 238–246
  44. Klein R, Klein BEK, Tomany SC, Cruickshanks KJ. The association of cardiovascular disease with the long-term incidence of age-related maculopathy (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Ophthalmology. 2003;110:636–643
  45. Smith W, Mitchell P, Leeder SR, Wang JJ. Plasma fibrinogen, other cardiovascular risk factors and age-related maculopathy (The Blue Mountains Eye study). Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:583–587
  46. Klein R, Klein BEK, Tomany SC, Cruickshanks KJ. Association of emphysema, gout, and inflammatory markers with long-term incidence of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:674–678
  47. Wolf S, Arend O, Sponsel WE, Schulte K, Cantor LB, Reim M. Retinal hemodynamics using scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and hemorheology in chronic open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1561–1566
  48. Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S, Vallance P. Effect of local intra-arterial NG-monomethyl-L-arginine in patients with hypertension (The nitric oxide dilator mechanism appears abnormal). J Hypertens. 1992;10:1025–1031
  49. Ornek K, Karel F, Buyukbingol Z. May nitric oxide molecule have a role in the pathogenesis of human cataract?. Exp Eye Res. 2003;76:23–27
  50. Wong TY, Klein BEK, Klein R, Tomany SC, Lee KE. Refractive error and incident cataracts (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:1449–1454
  51. Wong TY, Knudtson MD, Klein R, Klein BEK, Meuer SM, Hubbard LD. Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye study: Correlation between eyes and effect of refraction. Ophthalmology 2003. In Press
  52. Klein BEK, Klein R, Lee KE. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, selected cardiovascular disease risk factors, and the 5-year incidence of age-related cataract and progression of lens opacities (The Beaver Dam Eye study). Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:782–790

☆ The study was supported by National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, MD) Grant No. EY06594 (R. Klein, BEK Klein) and, in part, by Research to Prevent Blindness (R. Klein, Senior Scientific Investigator Award), New York, NY.Biosketches and/or additional material at www.ajo.com

PII: S0002-9394(03)01280-7

doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2003.10.020

American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 137, Issue 3 , Pages 435-444 , March 2004

Article Tools