American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 140, Issue 1 , Pages 65.e1-65.e6 , July 2005

A Multi-Disciplinary Study of the Ocular, Orthopedic, and Neurologic Causes of Abnormal Head Postures in Children

  • Paolo Nucci, MD

      Affiliations

    • Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus Unit San Paolo Hospital University of Milan, Milan, Italy
    • ,
  • Burton J. Kushner, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
    • Corresponding Author InformationInquiries to Burton J. Kushner, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, 2870 University Avenue, Suite 206, Madison, WI 53705; fax: 608-263-7694
    • ,
  • Massimiliano Serafino, MD

      Affiliations

    • Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus Unit San Paolo Hospital University of Milan, Milan, Italy
    • ,
  • Nicola Orzalesi, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery & Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital University of Milan, Milan, Italy.

,Accepted 25 January 2005.

References 

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  2. Kiwak KJ . Establishing an etiology for torticollis . Postgrad Med . 1984;75:126–134
  3. Ballock RT , Song KM . The prevalence of nonmuscular causes of torticollis in children . J Pediatr Orthop . 1996;16:500–504
  4. Kushner B . Ocular causes of abnormal head postures . Ophthalmology . 1979;86:2115–2125
  5. Rubin SE , Wagner RS . Ocular torticollis . Surv Ophthalmol . 1986;30:366–376
  6. Ho BC , Lee EH , Singh K . Epidemiology, presentation and management of congenital muscular torticollis . Singapore Med J . 1999;40:675–679
  7. Wei JL , Schwartz KM , Weaver AL , Orvidas LJ . Pseudotumor of infancy and congenital muscular torticollis (170 cases) . Laryngoscope . 2001;111:688–695
  8. Deskin RW . Sandifer syndrome (a cause of torticollis in infancy) . Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol . 1995;32:183–185
  9. Williams CR , O’Flynn E , Clarke NM , Morris RJ . Torticollis secondary to ocular pathology . J Bone Joint Surg Br . 1996;78:620–624
  10. Caress JB , Nohria V , Fuchs H , Boustany RM . Torticollis acquired in late infancy due to a cerebellar gangliocytoma . Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol . 1996;36:39–44
  11. Loureiro B , Ferrer-Lozano M , Abenia S , Ferrraz S , Rebage V , Lopez-Pison J . Torticolis como motivode consulta en neuropediatria . Rev Neurol . 1999;493–499
  12. Halpern D , Kottke FJ , Burrill C , Fiterman C , Popp J , Palmer S . Training of control of head posture in children with cerebral palsy . Dev Med Child Neurol . 1970;12:290–305
  13. Kokubun M , Shinmyo T , Ogita M , et al.   Comparison of postural control of children with Down syndrome and those with other forms of mental retardation . Percept Mot Skills . 1997;84:499–504

 Supported by an unrestricted grant from the Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., New York, New York.

PII: S0002-9394(05)00106-6

doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.01.037

American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 140, Issue 1 , Pages 65.e1-65.e6 , July 2005

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