American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 142, Issue 4 , Pages 539.e1-539.e13 , October 2006

Changes in Visual Acuity in a Population Over a 15-year Period: The Beaver Dam Eye Study

  • Ronald Klein, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
    • Corresponding Author InformationInquiries to Ronald Klein, MD, MPH, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 North Walnut Street, 417 WARF, Madison, WI 53726-2336;
    • ,
  • Barbara E.K. Klein, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
    • ,
  • Kristine E. Lee, MS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
    • ,
  • Karen J. Cruickshanks, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
    • Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
    • ,
  • Ronald E. Gangnon, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin

,Accepted 2 June 2006.

References 

  1. Congdon N , O’Colmain B , Klaver CC , et al.   Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States . Arch Ophthalmol . 2004;122:477–485
  2. Operational Research Department for the National Society to Prevent Blindness . In: Vision problems in the US: a statistical analysis . New York: National Society to Prevent Blindness; 1980;p. 1–46
  3. Aclimandos WA , Galloway NR . Blindness in the city of Nottingham (1980–1985) . Eye . 1988;2:431–434
  4. Klein R , Klein BE , Lee KE . Changes in visual acuity in a population: the Beaver Dam Eye Study . Ophthalmology . 1996;103:1169–1178
  5. Foran S , Mitchell P , Wang JJ . Five-year change in visual acuity and incidence of visual impairment: the Blue Mountains Eye Study . Ophthalmology . 2003;110:41–50
  6. Leske MC , Wu SY , Hyman L , et al.   Four-year incidence of visual impairment: Barbados Incidence Study of Eye Diseases . Ophthalmology . 2004;111:118–124
  7. Nucci C , Cedrone C , Culasso F , et al.   Incidence of visual loss in the Ponza Eye Study, Italy . Eye . 2005;19:175–182
  8. Campbell JA , Palit CD . Total digit dialing for a small area census by phone (Proc Survey Res Methods Section) . Am Stat Assoc . 1988;549–551
  9. Klein R , Klein BE , Linton KL , et al.   The Beaver Dam Eye Study: visual acuity . Ophthalmology . 1991;98:1310–1315
  10. Klein R , Klein BE , Lee KE , et al.   Changes in visual acuity in a population over a 10-year period: the Beaver Dam Eye Study . Ophthalmology . 2001;108:1757–1766
  11. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) . Manual of operations. Springfield, Virginia: NTIS Accession No. PB-85223006 . 1985;
  12. Liang KY , Zeger SL . Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models . Biometrika . 1986;73:13–22
  13. Zeger SL , Liang KY . Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes . Biometrics . 1986;42:121–130
  14. Gooley TA , Leisenring W , Crowley J , et al.   Estimation of failure probabilities in the presence of competing risks: new representations of old estimators . Stat Med . 1999;18:695–706
  15. Hosmer DW , Lemeshow S . In: Applied logistic regression . New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1989;p. 238–245
  16. SAS Institute Inc . SAT/STAT user’s guide, version 8 . Cary, North Carolina: SAS Institute Inc; 1999;
  17. Klein BE , Klein R , Linton KL . Prevalence of age-related lens opacities in a population: the Beaver Dam Eye Study . Ophthalmology . 1992;99:546–552
  18. Bressler NM , Bressler SB , West SK , et al.   The grading and prevalence of macular degeneration in Chesapeake Bay watermen . Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;107:847–852
  19. Klein R , Klein BE , Linton KL . Prevalence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study . Ophthalmology . 1992;99:933–943
  20. Friedman DS , O’Colmain BJ , Munoz B , et al.   Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States . Arch Ophthalmol . 2004;122:564–572
  21. Klein R , Klein BE , Moss SE , et al.   The epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion: the Beaver Dam Eye Study . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc . 2000;98:133–141
  22. National Center for Health Statistics . Health, United States, 2004 . With chartbook on trends in the health of Americans. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics; 2004;
  23. Whitmore WG . Eye disease in a geriatric nursing home population . Ophthalmology . 1989;96:393–398
  24. Salive ME , Guralnik J , Christen W , et al.   Functional blindness and visual impairment in older adults from three communities . Ophthalmology . 1992;99:1840–1847
  25. Tielsch JM , Javitt JC , Coleman A , et al.   The prevalence of blindness and visual impairment among nursing home residents in Baltimore . N Engl J Med . 1995;332:1205–1209
  26. Wang JJ , Mitchell P , Cumming RG , et al.   Visual impairment and nursing home placement in older Australians: the Blue Mountains Eye Study . Ophthalmic Epidemiol . 2003;10:3–13
  27. VanNewkirk MR , Weih L , McCarty CA , et al.   Visual impairment and eye diseases in elderly institutionalized Australians . Ophthalmology . 2000;107:2203–2208
  28. Wang JJ , Mitchell P , Smith W , et al.   Incidence of nursing home placement in a defined community . Med J Aust . 2001;174:271–275
  29. Klein BE , Moss SE , Klein R , et al.   Associations of visual function with physical outcomes and limitations 5 years later in an older population: the Beaver Dam Eye Study . Ophthalmology . 2003;110:644–650
  30. Lin MY , Gutierrez PR , Stone KL , et al.   Vision impairment and combined vision and hearing impairment predict cognitive and functional decline in older women . J Am Geriatr Soc . 2004;52:1996–2002
  31. Reuben DB , Mui S , Damesyn M , et al.   The prognostic value of sensory impairment in older persons . J Am Geriatr Soc . 1999;47:930–935
  32. Appollonio I , Carabellese C , Frattola L , et al.   Effects of sensory aids on the quality of life and mortality of elderly people: a multivariate analysis . Age Aging . 1996;25:89–96
  33. Jee J , Wang JJ , Rose KA , et al.   Vision and hearing impairment in aged care clients . Ophthalmic Epidemiol . 2005;12:199–205
  34. Klein R , Wang Q , Klein BE , et al.   The relationship of age-related maculopathy, cataract, and glaucoma to visual acuity . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1995;36:182–191
  35. Attebo K , Mitchell P , Smith W . Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in Australia: the Blue Mountains Eye Study . Ophthalmology . 1996;103:357–364
  36. Klaver CC , Wolfs RC , Vingerling JR , et al.   Age-specific prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in an older population: the Rotterdam Study . Arch Ophthalmol . 1998;116:653–658
  37. Weih LM , Van Newkirk MR , McCarty CA , et al.   Age-specific causes of bilateral visual impairment . Arch Ophthalmol . 2000;118:264–269
  38. Munoz B , West SK , Rubin GS , et al.   Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population of older Americans: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study . Arch Ophthalmol . 2000;118:819–825
  39. Taylor HR , Keeffe JE , Vu HT , et al.   Vision loss in Australia . Med J Aust . 2005;182:565–568
  40. Buch H , Nielsen NV , Vinding T , et al.   14-year incidence, progression, and visual morbidity of age-related maculopathy: the Copenhagen City Eye Study . Ophthalmology . 2005;112:787–798
  41. Backlund LB , Algvere PV , Rosenqvist U . New blindness in diabetes reduced by more than one-third in Stockholm County . Diabet Med . 1997;14:732–740
  42. Klein R , Klein BE , Moss SE , et al.   Association of ocular disease and mortality in a diabetic population . Arch Ophthalmol . 1999;117:1487–1495
  43. Lee DJ , Gomez-Marin O , Lam BL , et al.   Trends in visual acuity impairment in US adults: the 1986–1995 National Health Interview Survey . Arch Ophthalmol . 2004;122:506–509
  44. Kaplan EL , Meier P . Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations . J Am Stat Assoc . 1958;53:457–481
  45. Population Projections Program . Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, Population Division, Population Projections Branch, January 13; 2000;

 Supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant EY06594 (R.K., B.E.K.K.), and, in part, by Research to Prevent Blindness (R.K., B.E.K.K., Senior Scientific Investigator Award), New York, New York.

PII: S0002-9394(06)00675-1

doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.06.015

American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 142, Issue 4 , Pages 539.e1-539.e13 , October 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution