American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 148, Issue 2 , Pages 235-241.e6 , August 2009

Testability of Vision and Refraction in Preschoolers: The Strabismus, Amblyopia, and Refractive Error Study in Singaporean Children

  • Michelle J. Trager

      Affiliations

    • Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
    • Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
    • Corresponding Author InformationInquiries to Michelle J. Trager, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, 10 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143
    • ,
  • Mohamed Dirani

      Affiliations

    • Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
    • Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
    • ,
  • Qiao Fan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
    • Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
    • ,
  • Gus Gazzard

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • Prabakaran Selvaraj

      Affiliations

    • Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
    • ,
  • Audrey Chia

      Affiliations

    • Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
    • Department of Ophthalmology, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
    • ,
  • Tien-Yin Wong

      Affiliations

    • Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
    • Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
    • ,
  • Terri L. Young

      Affiliations

    • Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
    • Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
    • ,
  • Rohit Varma

      Affiliations

    • Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
    • ,
  • Seang-Mei Saw

      Affiliations

    • Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
    • Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore

,Accepted 24 February 2009.

References 

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  2. Merritt JC, Game S, Williams OD, Blake D. Visual acuity in preschool children: the Chapel Hill-Durham Day-Care Vision Study. J Natl Med Assoc. 1996;88:709–712
  3. Maguire MG. Children unable to perform screening tests in vision in preschoolers study: proportion with ocular conditions and impact on measures of test accuracy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:83–87
  4. Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Wang Y, et al. Visual acuity testability in African-American and Hispanic children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144:663–667
  5. Birch E, Williams C, Hunter J, Lapa MC. Random dot stereoacuity of preschool children (ALSPAC “Children in Focus” Study Team). J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1997;34:217–222quiz 247–248
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  7. Borchert M, Wang Y, Tarczy-Hornoch K, et al. Testability of the Retinomax Autorefractor and IOLMaster in Preschool Children The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology. 2007;115:1422–1425
  8. Mantyjarvi M. Colour vision testing in pre-school-aged children. Ophthalmologica. 1991;202:147–151
  9. Liang CL, Hung KS, Park N, et al. Comparison of measurements of refractive errors between the hand-held Retinomax and on-table autorefractors in cyclopleged and noncyclopleged children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:1120–1128
  10. Lim HC, Quah BL, Balakrishnan V, et al. Vision screening of 4-year-old children in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 2000;41:271–278
  11. Schmidt P, Maguire M, Dobson V, et al. Comparison of preschool vision screening tests as administered by licensed eye care professionals in the Vision In Preschoolers Study. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:637–650
  12. Varma R, Deneen J, Cotter S, et al. The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study: design and methods. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2006;13:253–262
  13. Brant JC, Nowotny M. Testing of visual acuity in young children: an evaluation of some commonly used methods. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1976;18:568–576
  14. Holmes JM, Beck RW, Repka MX, et al. The amblyopia treatment study visual acuity testing protocol. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1345–1353
  15. Cotter SA, Lee DY, French AL. Evaluation of a new color vision test: “color vision testing made easy.”. Optom Vis Sci. 1999;76:631–636
  16. Lee DY, Cotter SA, French AL. Evaluation of Kojima-Matsubara color vision test plates: validity in young children. Optom Vis Sci. 1997;74:726–731
  17. Birch J, Platts CE. Colour vision screening in children: an evaluation of 3 pseudoisochromatic tests. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1993;13:344–349
  18. Farook M, Venkatramani J, Gazzard G, et al. Comparisons of the hand-held autorefractor, table-mounted autorefractor, and subjective refraction in Singapore adults. Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82:1066–1070

 Supplemental Material available at AJO.com.

PII: S0002-9394(09)00168-8

doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.02.037

American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 148, Issue 2 , Pages 235-241.e6 , August 2009

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