American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 149, Issue 3 , Pages 367-370 , March 2010

Study Designs in Epidemiology and Levels of Evidence

  • Jie Jin Wang

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
    • Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationInquiries to Jie Jin Wang, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney C24, Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia
    • ,
  • John Attia

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
    • Hunter Medical Research Institute, and Department of General Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia

,Accepted 5 August 2009.

References 

  1. Guyatt G, Rennie D, Meade MO, Cook DJ. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice. New York, New York: McGraw Hill; 2008;
  2. Wang JJ, Wong TY. Epidemiology and clinical research. In:  Albert DM,  Miller JW,  Azar D,  Blodi B editor. Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Third edition. Edinburgh: Saunders; 2008;p. 379–388
  3. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321–333
  4. Enserink M. Women's health (The vanishing promises of hormone replacement). Science. 2002;297:325–326
  5. National Health and Medical Research Council. A guide to the development, implementation and evaluation of clinical practice guidelines. Canberra, Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council; 1999;
  6. McAlister FA, Straus SE, Guyatt GH, Haynes RB. Users' guides to the medical literature: XX. Integrating research evidence with the care of the individual patient. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000;283:2829–2836
  7. Guyatt GH, Sinclair J, Cook DJ, Glasziou P. Users' guides to the medical literature: XVI. How to use a treatment recommendation. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group and the Cochrane Applicability Methods Working Group. JAMA. 1999;281:1836–1843
  8. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924–926

PII: S0002-9394(09)00549-2

doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.08.001

American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 149, Issue 3 , Pages 367-370 , March 2010

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