American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 149, Issue 2 , Pages 184-186.e1 , 1 February 2010

Muscle Paths Matter in Strabismus Associated With Axial High Myopia

  • Joseph L. Demer

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationInquiries to Joseph L. Demer, MD, PhD, Jules Stein Eye Institute, 100 Stein Plaza, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angles, CA 90095-7002

,Accepted 4 September 2009.

References 

  1. Yamaguchi M, Yokoyama T, Shiraki K. Surgical procedure for correcting globe dislocation in high-myopic strabismus. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;149:341–346
  2. Ward DM. The heavy eye phenomenon. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1967;87:717–726
  3. Kowal L, Troski M, Gilford E. MRI in the heavy eye phenomenon. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1994;22:125–126
  4. Miller JM. Functional anatomy of normal human rectus muscles. Vision Res. 1989;29:223–240
  5. Demer JL, Miller JM, Poukens V, Vinters HV, Glasgow BJ. Evidence for fibromuscular pulleys of the recti extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:1125–1136
  6. Demer JL. Pivotal role of orbital connective tissues in binocular alignment and strabismus (The Friedenwald lecture). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:729–738
  7. Demer JL. Current concepts of mechanical and neural factors in ocular motility. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19:4–13
  8. Demer JL. Mechanics of the orbita. Dev Ophthalmol. 2007;40:132–157
  9. Klier EM, Meng H, Angelaki DE. Three-dimensional kinematics at the level of the oculomotor plant. J Neurosci. 2006;26:2732–2737
  10. Kono R, Poukens V, Demer JL. Quantitative analysis of the structure of the human extraocular muscle pulley system. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:2923–2932
  11. Demer JL. A 12 year, prospective study of extraocular muscle imaging in complex strabismus. J AAPOS. 2003;6:337–347
  12. Clark RA, Demer JL. Effect of aging on human rectus extraocular muscle paths demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:872–878
  13. Clark RA, Isenberg SJ. The range of ocular movements decreases with aging. J AAPOS. 2001;5:26–30
  14. Rutar T, Demer JL. “Heavy eye syndrome” in the absence of high myopia: A connective tissue degeneration in elderly strabismic patients. J AAPOS. 2009;13:36–44
  15. Lim L, Rosenbaum AL, Demer JL. Saccadic velocity analysis in patients with divergence paralysis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1995;32:76–81
  16. Demer JL, von Noorden GK. High myopia as an unusual cause of restrictive motility disturbance. Surv Ophthalmol. 1989;33:281–284

 See Accompanying Article on page 341.

PII: S0002-9394(09)00672-2

doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.09.006

American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 149, Issue 2 , Pages 184-186.e1 , 1 February 2010

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