American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 149, Issue 4 , Pages 543-549 , April 2010

Ultraviolet-B Phototoxicity and Hypothetical Photomelanomagenesis: Intraocular and Crystalline Lens Photoprotection

  • Martin A. Mainster

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationInquiries to Martin A. Mainster, PhD, MD, FRCOphth, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 7400 State Line Rd, Prairie Village, KS 66208-3444
    • ,
  • Patricia L. Turner

,Accepted 25 November 2009.

References 

  1. Mainster MA, Boulton M. Retinal phototoxicity. In:  Albert DM,  Miller JW,  Blodi BA,  Azar DT editor. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. 3rd ed.. London, UK: Elsevier; 2008;p. 2195–2205
  2. Mainster MA, Turner PL. Retinal injuries from light: mechanisms, hazards and prevention. In:  Ryan SJ,  Hinton DR,  Schachat AP,  Wilkinson P editor. Retina. 4th ed.. London: Elsevier Publishers; 2006;p. 1857–1870
  3. Blumthaler M, Ambach W, Daxecker F. On the threshold radiant exposure for keratitis solaris. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987;28:1713–1716
  4. Setlow RB, Grist E, Thompson K, Woodhead AD. Wavelengths effective in induction of malignant melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:6666–6670
  5. Wyszecki G, Stiles WS. Color Science. In: 2nd ed.. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 1982;p. 378–384
  6. Wald G, Brown PK. Human rhodopsin. Science. 1958;127:222–226
  7. Thapan K, Arendt J, Skene DJ. An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. J Physiol. 2001;535:261–267
  8. Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Greeson JM, et al. Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci. 2001;21:6405–6412
  9. Mainster MA, Turner PL. Blue-blocking IOLs decrease photoreception without providing significant photoprotection. Surv Ophthalmol. Forthcoming.
  10. Boettner EA, Wolter JR. Transmission of the ocular media. Invest Ophthalmol. 1962;1:776–783
  11. Barker FM, Brainard GC. The Direct Spectral Transmittance of the Excised Human Lens as a Function of Age (FDA 785345 0090 RA). Washington, DC: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 1991;
  12. Gilchrest BA, Eller MS, Geller AC, Yaar M. The pathogenesis of melanoma induced by ultraviolet radiation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1341–1348
  13. Singh AD, Rennie IG, Seregard S, Giblin M, McKenzie J. Sunlight exposure and pathogenesis of uveal melanoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004;49:419–428
  14. Mainster MA. Spectral transmittance of intraocular lenses and retinal damage from intense light sources. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;85:167–170
  15. Mainster MA. The spectra, classification, and rationale of ultraviolet-protective intraocular lenses. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102:727–732
  16. Mainster MA. Violet and blue light blocking intraocular lenses: photoprotection versus photoreception. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90:784–792
  17. Gladstone GJ, Tasman W. Solar retinitis after minimal exposure. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96:1368–1369
  18. Yannuzzi LA, Fisher YL, Slakter JS, Krueger A. Solar retinopathy (A photobiologic and geophysical analysis). Retina. 1989;9:28–43
  19. De Fabo EC. Initial studies on an in vivo action spectrum for melanoma induction. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006;92:97–104
  20. Garbe C, Leiter U. Melanoma epidemiology and trends. Clin Dermatol. 2009;27:3–9
  21. Walker G. Cutaneous melanoma: how does ultraviolet light contribute to melanocyte transformation?. Future Oncol. 2008;4:841–856
  22. Zaidi MR, Day CP, Merlino G. From UVs to metastases: modeling melanoma initiation and progression in the mouse. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:2381–2391
  23. Ivry GB, Ogle CA, Shim EK. Role of sun exposure in melanoma. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32:481–492
  24. Moan J, Porojnicu AC, Dahlback A. Ultraviolet radiation and malignant melanoma. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;624:104–116
  25. Shah CP, Weis E, Lajous M, Shields JA, Shields CL. Intermittent and chronic ultraviolet light exposure and uveal melanoma: a meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:1599–1607
  26. Singh AD, Bergman L, Seregard S. Uveal melanoma: epidemiologic aspects. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2005;18:75–84
  27. Singh AD, Damato B, Howard P, Harbour JW. Uveal melanoma: genetic aspects. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2005;18:85–97
  28. Driver JA, Djousse L, Logroscino G, Gaziano JM, Kurth T. Incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer in advanced age: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:a2467
  29. Vajdic CM, Kricker A, Giblin M, et al. Sun exposure predicts risk of ocular melanoma in Australia. Int J Cancer. 2002;101:175–182
  30. Lutz JM, Cree I, Sabroe S, et al. Occupational risks for uveal melanoma results from a case-control study in nine European countries. Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16:437–447
  31. Schwartz LH, Ferrand R, Boelle PY, Maylin C, D'Hermies F, Virmont J. Lack of correlation between the location of choroidal melanoma and ultraviolet-radiation dose distribution. Radiat Res. 1997;147:451–456
  32. Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A, Jockel KH, Bornfeld N, Sauerwein W, Stang A. Positive interaction between light iris color and ultraviolet radiation in relation to the risk of uveal melanoma: A case-control study. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:340–348
  33. Virgili G, Gatta G, Ciccolallo L, et al. Incidence of uveal melanoma in Europe. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:2309–2315
  34. Yu GP, Hu DN, McCormick SA. Latitude and incidence of ocular melanoma. Photochem Photobiol. 2006;82:1621–1626
  35. Virgili G, Gatta G, Ciccolallo L, et al. Survival in patients with uveal melanoma in Europe. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1413–1418
  36. Boscoe FP, Schymura MJ. Solar ultraviolet-B exposure and cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, 1993–2002. BMC Cancer. 2006;6:264
  37. Hu DN, McCormick SA, Yu GP. Latitude and uveal melanoma. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:757
  38. Turner PL, Mainster MA. Circadian photoreception: ageing and the eye's important role in systemic health. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:1439–1444
  39. Blask DE. Melatonin, sleep disturbance and cancer risk. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13:257–264
  40. Wakamatsu K, Hu DN, McCormick SA, Ito S. Characterization of melanin in human iridal and choroidal melanocytes from eyes with various colored irides. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2008;21:97–105
  41. Shah CP, Weis E, Lajous M, Shields JA, Shields CL. Blue light exposure and uveal melanoma. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1062
  42. Sliney DH, Wolbarsht ML. Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources: A Comprehensive Handbook. In: New York: Plenum Press; 1980;p. 1035
  43. American-National-Standards-Institute. Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices, ANSI/ASSE Z87.1-2003. Washington, DC: American-National-Standards-Institute; 2003;
  44. Boissin JP, Peyresblanques J, Rollin JP, Marini F, Beaufils D. The vision of welders in France. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2002;25:807–812[in French]
  45. Magnavita N. Photoretinitis: an underestimated occupational injury?. Occup Med (Lond). 2002;52:223–225
  46. Ham WT, Mueller HA, Ruffolo JJ, Guerry D, Guerry RK. Action spectrum for retinal injury from near-ultraviolet radiation in the aphakic monkey. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;93:299–306
  47. Guenel P, Laforest L, Cyr D, et al. Occupational risk factors, ultraviolet radiation, and ocular melanoma: a case-control study in France. Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12:451–459
  48. Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A, Stang A, Bornfeld N, Jockel KH. Risk of uveal melanoma. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1418
  49. Antonini JM, Sriram K, Benkovic SA, et al. Mild steel welding fume causes manganese accumulation and subtle neuroinflammatory changes but not overt neuronal damage in discrete brain regions of rats after short-term inhalation exposure. Neurotoxicology. 2009;30:915–925
  50. Pan SY, Ugnat AM, Mao Y. Occupational risk factors for brain cancer in Canada. J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47:704–717
  51. Walschaerts M, Muller A, Auger J, et al. Environmental, occupational and familial risks for testicular cancer: a hospital-based case-control study. Int J Androl. 2007;30:222–229
  52. Marshall JC, Gordon KD, McCauley CS, de Souza Filho JP, Burnier MN. The effect of blue light exposure and use of intraocular lenses on human uveal melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res. 2006;16:537–541
  53. Fernandes BF, Marshall JC, Burnier MN. Blue light exposure and uveal melanoma. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1062 e1;author reply 1062
  54. Manning WS, Greenlee PG, Norton JN. Ocular melanoma in a Long Evans rat. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci. 2004;43:44–46
  55. Augustin AJ. The physiology of scotopic vision, contrast vision, color vision and circadian rhythmicity: Can these parameters be influenced by blue-light-filter lenses?. Retina. 2008;28:1179–1187
  56. Pandita D, Raj SM, Vasavada VA, Vasavada VA, Kazi NS, Vasavada AR. Contrast sensitivity and glare disability after implantation of AcrySof IQ Natural aspherical intraocular lens: prospective randomized masked clinical trial. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33:603–610
  57. Burnier MN. Melanoma and blue-light-filtering IOLs. Cataract and Refractive Surgery Today. 2008;8:4–8
  58. Ohara M, Kawashima Y, Katoh O, Watanabe H. Blue light inhibits the growth of B16 melanoma cells. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2002;93:551–558
  59. Ohara M, Kawashima Y, Watanabe H, Kitajima S. Effects of blue-light-exposure on growth of extracorporeally circulated leukemic cells in rats with leukemia induced by 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea. Int J Mol Med. 2002;10:407–411
  60. Enk CD, Jacob-Hirsch J, Gal H, et al. The UVB-induced gene expression profile of human epidermis in vivo is different from that of cultured keratinocytes. Oncogene. 2006;25:2601–2614
  61. Mainster MA, Turner PL. Blue-blocking intraocular lenses: myth or reality?. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147:8–10
  62. Sparrow J, Miller AS, Zhou J. Blue light-absorbing intraocular lens and retinal pigment epithelium protection in vitro. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004;30:873–878
  63. Kanthan GL, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, et al. Ten-year incidence of age-related cataract and cataract surgery in an older Australian population (The Blue Mountains Eye Study). Ophthalmology. 2008;115:808–814e1
  64. Rozanowska M, Jarvis-Evans J, Korytowski W, Boulton ME, Burke JM, Sarna T. Blue light-induced reactivity of retinal age pigment (In vitro generation of oxygen-reactive species). J Biol Chem. 1995;270:18825–18830
  65. Matthes R, Bernhardt JH, McKinlay AF. Guidelines on Limiting Exposure to Non-Ionizing Radiation. Oberschleissheim, Germany: International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection; 1999;
  66. Stark WS. Photopic sensitivities to ultraviolet and visible wavelengths and the effects of the macular pigments in human aphakic observers. Curr Eye Res. 1987;6:631–638

PII: S0002-9394(09)00892-7

doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.11.028

American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 149, Issue 4 , Pages 543-549 , April 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution