American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 150, Issue 3 , Pages 305-309 , September 2010

Causality in the Systems Era of Pediatric Ophthalmology: The Buddha's Smile

  • Michael C. Brodsky

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationInquiries to Michael C. Brodsky, Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905

,Accepted 18 April 2010.

References 

  1. Lyle TK. Worth and Chavesse's Squint (The Binocular Reflexes and Treatment of Strabismus). In: Philadelphia: Blakiston; 1950;p. 41
  2. Braithwaite RB. Scientific Explanation: A Study of the Function of Theory, Probability, and Law in Science. In: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1953;p. 2–3
  3. Linksz A. Physiology of the Eye. Vol 2. Vision. In: New York: Grune & Stratton; 1952;p. 836–837
  4. Federoff HJ, Gostin LO. Evolving from reductionism to holism: Is there a future for systems medicine?. JAMA. 2009;302:994–996
  5. Hart HLA, Honoré T. Causation in the Law. In: 2nd ed.. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1985;p. 9–83
  6. Kuhn T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1962;
  7. Donoso LA, Kim D, Frost A, et al. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 2006;51:137–152
  8. Kuehn BM, Jirtle Randy L. Epigenetics a window on gene dysregulation, disease. PhD JAMA. 2008;299:1249–1250
  9. den Hollander AL, Roepman R, Koenekoop RK, Cremers FP. Leber congenital amaurosis: genes, proteins, and disease mechanisms. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2008;27:391–419
  10. Barker DJP. The Fetal and Infant Origins of Adult Disease. London: BMJ Books; 1992;
  11. Cutrer FM. Pathophysiology of migraine. Semin Neurol. 2006;26:171–180
  12. Dammann O, Leviton A. Perinatal brain damage causation. Dev Neurosci. 2007;29:280–288
  13. Hume D. Treatise of Human Nature: Book 1. 172. (as quoted in reference #5, page 14).
  14. Mill JS. A System of Logic. New York: Harper & Brothers; 1874;(as quoted in reference #5, page 17)
  15. Brodsky J. On Grief and Reason. In: New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux; 1995;p. 303
  16. Noë A. Out of Our Heads. In: New York: Hill & Wang; 2009;p. 22
  17. Hertle RW, Reese M. Clinical contrast sensitivity in patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome compared with age-matched controls. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143:1063–1065
  18. Taleb NN. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. In: New York: Random House; 2007;p. 70
  19. Keiner GBJ. New Viewpoints on the Origin of Squint. In: The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff; 1951;p. 1–221
  20. Mitsui Y, Tamura O. Strabismus and the Sensorimotor Reflex. In: Tokyo: Excerpta Medica; 1986;p. 41–67
  21. Brodsky MC. Visuo-vestibular eye movements (Infantile strabismus in three dimensions). Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:837–842
  22. Tychsen L. Causing and curing infantile esotropia in primates: the role of decorrelated binocular visual input (an American Ophthalmological Society Thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2007;105:564–593
  23. Brodsky MC. Dissociated horizontal deviation: clinical spectrum, pathogenesis, evolutionary underpinnings, diagnosis, treatment, and potential role in the development of infantile esotropia. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2007;105:272–293
  24. Brodsky MC, Fray KJ. Does infantile esotropia arise from a dissociated deviation. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:1703–1706
  25. Joose MV, Esme DL, Schimsheumer RJ, et al. Visual evoked potentials during suppression in exotropic and esotropic strabismics: strabismic suppression objectified. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:142–150
  26. Guyton DL, Weingarten PE. Sensory torsion as the cause of primary oblique muscle overaction/underaction and A- and V-pattern strabismus. Binocul Vis Eye Muscle Surg Q. 1994;9:209–235
  27. Brodsky MC, Donahue SP. Primary oblique muscle overaction: the brain throws a wild pitch. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1307–1314
  28. Kushner BJ. Multiple mechanisms of oblique muscle “overaction.”. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:680–688
  29. Demer JL. Mechanics of the orbita. Dev Ophthalmol. 2007;40:132–157
  30. Guyton-DL , Cheeseman EW, Ellis FJ, et al. Dissociated vertical deviation: an exaggerated normal eye movement used to damp cyclovertical latent nystagmus. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1998;96:389–429
  31. Zubcov AA, Reinecke RD, Calhoun JH. Asymmetric horizontal tropias, DVD, and manifest latent nystagmus (An explanation of dissociated horizontal deviation). J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabis. 1990;27:59–65
  32. Gräf M. Dissociated horizontal deviations (DHD): terminology and causes. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 2001;218:401–405
  33. Brodsky MC, Gräf MH, Kommerell G. The reversed fixation test (A diagnostic test for dissociated horizontal deviation). Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;123:1083–1087
  34. Jampolsky A. Unequal visual inputs in strabismus management: a comparison of human and animal strabismus. In: In Symposium on Strabismus (Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology). St Louis: CV Mosby; 1978;p. 422–425
  35. Jewell NP. Risk comparisons. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148:484–486
  36. Johnson G. Review of The Universe in a Single Atom. The Convergence of Science and Spirituality. By the Dalai Lama. Morgan Road Books, 216 pp. New York Times Book Review Section, September 18, 2005:3.

PII: S0002-9394(10)00309-0

doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.04.025

American Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume 150, Issue 3 , Pages 305-309 , September 2010